![]() ![]() Differences in vocabulary and grammatical variations are not very clear. Typical characteristics that include pressure, ups and downs, and short lengths of language sounds build different accents. The Indonesian language spoken in the Tapanuli dialect is recognizable because of the very clear pressures. Dialect of a region can be known based on the sound system. This article is intended to introduce various dialects, especially in Java, many kinds of dialects in Indonesia such as Betawi, Malay dialect of Medan, Ambon Malay, Palembang Malay, Batak Toba dialect, Batak Karo, Javanese language of Cirebon, Javanese Tegal, Javanese Solo language, Semarang Java language, Java language Yogyakarta, and Java language Surabaya. This paper will show that the dialect rather exhibits a binary T-V distinction in politeness similar to that in French and German, as opposed to the strict speech level system as found in Central Javanese, Korean, and Japanese. After a general introduction about the linguistic situation in Surabaya, a brief typological summary of politeness systems throughout the world is given, which helps debunk the persistent language myth that speakers of Surabayan Javanese are rude. Although to the Central Javanese ear, speakers of Surabayan Javanese sound discourteous, they by no means are impolite. It is the aim of this paper to shed further light on the sociolinguistic situation of the Javanese dialect of the city of Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia with a focus on the polite vocabulary (Krama, Krama Andhap, and Krama Inggil). ![]() ![]() ![]() Surabaya and its surroundings are known for their peculiar dialect, which does not only exhibit very characteristic phonological and morphological features, but also has a politeness, honorific, and deferential system that has so far remained largely understudied. In this thesis, I mostly rely on these sources and my own data to present an overview of Surabayan Javanese with a special reference to its linguistic etiquette in terms of speech levels, honorifics, and the awareness of these within the Surabaya speech community. The most valuable contributions to a linguistic description of Surabayan Javanese have been made by Soetoko et al. Despite the pride for their dialect and its constant use at home, speakers of Surabayan Javanese fear conversing in their mother tongue in areas where the classical speech level system is still prominent and switch to Bahasa Indonesia. By the means of a brief typological summary of politeness systems throughout the world, I demonstrate that Surabayan Javanese can be categorized as a T-V language. While this development is best observed in younger speakers, many older speakers in Surabaya now also disregard the refined speech level system such as the one used in Central Javanese. This change makes Surabayan Javanese pragmatically similar to colloquial Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia) and many European languages such as German, French, and Spanish. Central Javanese is a very prominent example of the extensive use of a speech level system, similar to Japanese and Korean, however Surabayan Javanese on the contrary does not feature this system anymore and has given way to a binary T-V distinction, especially with regards to the language of younger speakers. This thesis shows how politeness in Surabayan Javanese is expressed despite its sounding discourteous to the Central Javanese ear. A tentative linguistic description of salient aspects of its grammar follows, and special attention is given to the linguistic etiquette of Surabayan Javanese, as it is known to Central Javanese speakers for being very impolite and rude. First, a discussion on Javanese dialectology is presented, then sociolinguistic issues of the dialect of Surabaya are addressed with the focus on the dialect’s prevalence in the media. The city and its surroundings are known for their peculiar dialect, which exhibits very characteristic phonological and morphological features not found in other dialects of Javanese. This thesis aims to examine the Javanese dialect of the city of Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. ![]()
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